The short answer is yes.
Storage Spaces metadata resides on the pool member disks, so cloning only the Windows SSD normally does not affect pool recognition.
The safest procedure is:
Clone only the system SSD.
Shut down completely.
Disconnect the original SSD.
Boot from the clone.
Verify Storage Spaces health.
Reconnect the old drive only after confirming everything works.
We've used this approach repeatedly in migration scenarios without affecting existing storage pools.